ADHD

ADHD by Dr. Hemika Agrawal

ADHD is a common disorder that affects both children and adults. It involves difficulties with attention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. These symptoms can lead to challenges in academic, occupational, and social settings.

Key Characteristics:

1. Inattention:

   • Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.
   • Frequent careless mistakes in schoolwork or other activities.
   • Difficulty organizing tasks and activities.
   • Avoiding or being reluctant to engage in tasks requiring sustained mental effort.
   • Frequently losing items necessary for tasks and activities.
   • Easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.
   • Forgetfulness in daily activities.

2. Hyperactivity and Impulsivity:

   • Fidgeting or tapping hands or feet, or squirming in seat.
   • Leaving seat in situations where remaining seated is expected.
   • Running or climbing in inappropriate situations (in adolescents and adults, this may manifest as restlessness).
   • Inability to play or engage in activities quietly.
   • Talking excessively.
   • Interrupting or intruding on others (e.g., butting into conversations or games).
   • Difficulty waiting for one's turn.

Diagnosis:

• Criteria:

  • Symptoms must be present for at least 6 months and be inconsistent with developmental level.
  • Symptoms must cause impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
  • Evidence of symptoms being present before age 12.
  • Symptoms must be present in two or more settings (e.g., home, school, work).

• Assessment:

  • Conducted by a healthcare professional through clinical interviews, behavioral observations, and rating scales.
  • May involve gathering information from multiple sources, including parents, teachers, and other caregivers.

Treatment and Management:

1. Medication:

   • Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate, amphetamines) are commonly prescribed and can be effective in reducing symptoms.
   • Non-stimulant medications (e.g., atomoxetine, guanfacine) may be used if stimulants are not suitable or effective.

2. Behavioral Therapy:

   • Helps individuals develop organizational skills, manage time, and regulate behavior.
   • Focuses on reinforcing positive behaviors and developing coping strategies.

3. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT):

   • Addresses the impact of ADHD on emotions and behaviors.
   • Helps in managing negative thinking patterns and developing problem-solving skills.

4. Educational Support:

   • Special accommodations or modifications in school settings to support learning.
   • Organizational tools and strategies to assist with time management and task completion.

5. Parent Training and Support:

   • Educates parents on managing behaviors and implementing effective strategies at home.
   • Provides support for dealing with the challenges of raising a child with ADHD.

Living with ADHD:

• Individuals with ADHD often have unique strengths, such as creativity and energy.
• Support from family, schools, and workplaces is crucial for managing symptoms and achieving success.
• Ongoing monitoring and adjustments to treatment plans may be necessary.